ABSTRACT
Introduction: The human anthropometric characteristics are surveyed in anthropology. Anthropology is used in archeology, rehabilitation and legal medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine femur which has a special place in the science of anthropometry
Methods: To measure the femur, both direct and indirect methods was used. The direct method of measuring the 113 femur in dissection hall. Samples included persons aged between 20-40 years who were selected randomly. In this descriptive and analytical study, cluster sampling method was used to select the subjects. For anthropometric measurements, metallic and plastic tape, goniometer, caliper were used. Different dimensions of the femur such as anteriorposterior and lateral diameter of the femoral head, anterior-posterior and lateral diameter of the body, the minimum length diameter of the neck, superficial longest and shortest femoral height were measured
Results: The mean +/- SD of femoral length was 40.31 CM and 43.3 CM, in females and males respectively, this difference was significant [P<0.05]. All dimensions were significantly different between male and female in direct and indirect method
Conclusion: Usage of anthropometric data in designing a product can reduce human errors and improve public health and qualification of products and efficiency of workplaces. In addition, by using a single bone such as femur, we can determine gender, age or the relationship between bone length and body weight. It is also helpful in forensics, biomedical engineering, ergonomics and surgery
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The neuroprotective role of opioid morphine against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death has been demonstrated. However, the exact mechanism[s] underlying such neuroprotection, especially the role of subtype receptors, has not yet been fully clarified
Methods: Here, we investigated the effects of different opioid agonists on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Cell damage was induced by 150 micro M 6-OHDA and the cells viability was examined by MTT assay. Intracellular calcium, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed by fluorescence spectrophotometry method. Immunoblot technique was used to evaluate cytochrome-c and activated caspase-3 as biochemical markers of apoptosis induction
Results: The data showed that 6-OHDA caused significant cell damage, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium levels as well as activated caspase-3 and cytochrome-c release. Incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with sigma -opioid agonists, morphine and DAMGO, but not with sigma-opioid agonist, DADLE, elicited protective effect and reduced biochemical markers of cell damage and death
Discussion: The results suggest that sigma-opioid receptors signaling participate in the opioid neuroprotective effects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity